SQL Operators
An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's WHERE clause to perform operation(s).There are two type of Operators, namely
- Comparison Operators
- Logical Operators.
There are Operators That are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.
- Arithmetic operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
- Operators used to negate conditions
SQL Arithmetic Operators:
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then:
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator | a + b will give 30 |
- | Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand | a - b will give -10 |
* | Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator | a * b will give 200 |
/ | Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand | b / a will give 2 |
% | Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder | b % a will give 0 |
Comparison Operators:
Comparison operators are used to compare the column data with specific values in a condition.
Comparison Operators are also used along with the SELECT statement to filter data based on specific conditions.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then:
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a = b) is not true. |
!= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (a != b) is true. |
<> | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (a <> b) is true. |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a > b) is not true. |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a < b) is true. |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a >= b) is not true. |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a <= b) is true. |
!< | Checks if the value of left operand is not less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a !< b) is false. |
!> | Checks if the value of left operand is not greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a !> b) is true. |
SQL Logical Operators:
There are three Main Logical Operators namely, AND, OR, and NOT. These operators compare two conditions at a time to determine whether a row can be selected for the output. When retrieving data using a SELECT statement, you can use logical operators in the WHERE clause, which allows you to combine more than one condition.
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Here is a list of all the logical operators available in SQL.
Operator | Description |
---|---|
ALL | The ALL operator is used to compare a value to all values in another value set. |
AND | The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause. |
ANY | The ANY operator is used to compare a value to any applicable value in the list according to the condition. |
BETWEEN | The BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of values, given the minimum value and the maximum value. |
EXISTS | The EXISTS operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified table that meets certain criteria. |
IN | The IN operator is used to compare a value to a list of literal values that have been specified. |
LIKE | The LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard operators. |
NOT | The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with which it is used. Eg: NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This is a negate operator. |
OR | The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause. |
IS NULL | The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value. |
UNIQUE | The UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no duplicates). |
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